Sex-based differences and menstrual cycle effects on sports performance strategies

Biological sex influences underlying physiology, biomechanics, metabolism and response to exercise. Furthermore, hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle can impact energy substrate utilization, body temperature, recovery and performance metrics.

Recognizing sex-specific physiological differences allows researchers and practitioners to move away from one-size-fits-all training guidelines. Developing strategies centered on these physiological nuances helps optimize fueling, load management and performance for female athletes.